Montmorillonite

Bentonite possesses many unique properties: it can expand into a paste-like state when absorbing water, with volume expansion reaching several times to 30 times; it exhibits strong bonding capabilities and plasticity; it has a certain adsorption capacity for various gases, liquids, and organic substances; it can disperse into a gel-like and suspended state in aqueous media; and it demonstrates strong cation exchange capacity.
Moreover, bentonite has an extremely wide range of applications: primarily involving industrial, environmental, agricultural, and construction sectors. It is precisely this ability to play a significant role across numerous fields that has earned it the reputation of being the "universal soil.".